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CK Choy.

Market Sense 市场意识: 名家观点:二次衰退何时到来
Be decisive, Be patient, Don’t be greedy, Don't be stubborn

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Monday, 4 July 2011

名家观点:二次衰退何时到来

●沈联涛
2011/07/04 6:06:46 PM
●沈联涛 香港证监会前主席/大马国行前首席经济学家及助理行长

夏天才刚刚开始,人们已经开始担心全球经济的二次衰退即将来临。

一位朋友发给我一篇“末日博士”鲁里埃尔·鲁比尼(Nouriel Roubini)的文章,标题是《全球衰退的“完美风暴”(The Perfect Storm of a Global Recession)。

虽然这是一篇2008年的文章,文章的论述却同样适用于2011年的情况:欧洲和日本增长放缓,美国呈现就业复苏迹象,包括中国在内的新兴市场国家到达经济增长周期的顶点。

6月13日,鲁比尼在新加坡的一场投资者会议中表示,这场酿造危机的“完美风暴”,有三分之一的可能性将在2013年袭击全球市场。

他最担忧的问题是中国经济硬着陆、日本地震和海啸导致的全球供应链的贸易中断、欧洲债务危机以及美国日益凸显的财政问题。

6月12日,前美国总统经济顾问拉里萨默斯对美国如何避免“失落的十年”的观点,成了《金融时报》的头条新闻。

“失落的五年”

到目前为止,美国已经历了平均年增长率低于1%的“失落的五年”。

萨默斯所担心的是,依赖国内消费推动美国经济增长的渠道,似乎已逐渐枯竭,因此,量化宽松政策所能发挥的作用很有限。事实上,美国家庭终于开始提高他们的储蓄率了,消费的积极性正在下降。

美国国内的问题在于,全球制造业的供应能力,足以满足美国的需求,因此无法推动美国国内制造业的投资。

在某种程度上,日本在全球供应链中受到的冲击和中国的成本上升,有助于美国的企业从外包转为国内生产。

在服务业,就业机会的创造却是有限的,因为需要高端知识的工作,可以通过互联网进行外包。

所以,量化宽松政策产生的短暂复苏,并未带来就业市场的恢复。

至少有三个不利因素制约美国经济的复苏。

第一,失业水平在9%以上居高不下。事实上,由于地方和国家财政赤字,政府至少裁减了50万公务员职位。

第二,平均住房价格再度下滑,有几个州住房贷款负资产达50%。尽管在全国范围内,平均房价自2007年以来下降了20%,但在一些州,房价下降幅度从30%到50%以上不等。

这造成巨大的财富损失,但房价下降的最大影响是对银行不良贷款造成压力。自2007年金融危机以来,美国联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)问题银行名单上的数量已增至888家,总资产将近4000亿美元。

赤字不断上升

第三,美国最大的不确定性是对债务限额及如何处理政府和联邦赤字问题的政治争论。州和地方政府2010年赤字可能上升到1910亿美元,但由于联邦预算的削减,联邦政府对它们的援助将会减少。

美国联邦赤字可以削减多少,是一个极富争议的问题,因为有超过一半的联邦支出用于社会保障及医疗。

共和党希望通过大力削减开支、且不提高税收的办法恢复财政平衡。民主党却认为应提高税收,削减一部分开支。

美联储主席伯南克警告说,尽管还需要国会批准,但是如果不提高联邦政府14.29兆美元债务限额的做法,将“严重扰乱金融市场和支付系统,引起美国政府债券评级的降低,造成对美国信誉的质疑,破坏美元和国库券在全球市场的长期特殊地位”。

储备货币国的信誉,会受到政治局势的影响,这在外国人看来不可思议,但是政治僵局造成技术性违约的风险却并非为零。

在欧洲,希腊债务延期似乎必然发生。这将影响希腊的银行,以及持有大量希腊国债的欧洲主要银行的资本充足率。

由于对希腊债券的持有,集中在欧洲央行和欧洲主要银行,所以重新制定还款计划会比较容易。但是,希腊债务延期将对金融市场造成影响,风险息差必定会上升,投资者信心会受到打击。

鲁比尼的另一担忧,是中国经济硬着陆。

尽管有充足的政府手段来解决中国经济的急剧放缓,但一直依赖于中国和新兴市场不间断的商品需求的全球商品价格,可能会受到剧烈影响。

坠日本式陷阱

《金融时报》专栏作家马丁沃尔夫,已想到中国也可能落入日本式陷阱。

如果美国已经在这个陷阱中,而中国也落入,那整个世界将会陷入困境之中。

五大经济体中,日本经济表现疲弱,德国经济成为出人意料的强大动力,德国尚未受到价格泡沫的重创、且制造业出口增长强劲。这是大多数分析家感到、2011年可以平安度过的原因。

看来,我应该在下一次的专栏文章中讨论马丁·沃尔夫所担忧的问题了。

Source/转贴/Extract/Excerpts: 南洋商报
Publish date:04/07/11

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